Charlie Chaplin

Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in London, England, on April 16th 1889. His father was a versatile vocalist and actor; and his mother, known under the stage name of Lily Harley, was an attractive actress and singer, who gained a reputation for her work in the light opera field.




Beginning of his career

                     When he was about fourteen, he got his first chance to act in a legitimate stage show, and appeared as "Billy" the page boy, in support of William Gillette in "Sherlock Holmes". At the close of this engagement, Charlie started a career as a comedian in vaudeville, which eventually took him to the United States in 1910 as a featured player with the Fred Karno Repertoire Company.

He scored an immediate hit with American audiences, particularly with his characterization in a sketch entitled "A Night in an English Music Hall". When the Fred Karno troupe returned to the United States in the fall of 1912 for a repeat tour, Chaplin was offered a motion picture contract.

He finally agreed to appear before the cameras at the expiration of his vaudeville commitments in November 1913; and his entrance in the cinema world took place that month when he joined Mack Sennett and the Keystone Film Company. His initial salary was $150 a week, but his overnight success on the screen spurred other producers to start negotiations for his services.

At the completion of his Sennett contract, Chaplin moved on to the Essanay Company (1915) at a large increase. Sydney Chaplin had then arrived from England, and took his brother’s place with Keystone as their leading comedian.

• When his contract with Mutual expired in 1917, Chaplin decided to become an independent producer in a desire for more freedom and greater leisure in making his movies.
• Early in 1918, Chaplin entered into an agreement with First National Exhibitors’ Circuit,
• His first film under this new deal was "A Dog’s Life"
• This he followed with "Sunnyside" and "A Day’s Pleasure", both released in 1919.
• In April of that year, Chaplin joined with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith to found the United Artists Corporation
• "Smile", "Eternally", "You are My Song", as well as the soundtracks for all his filmsCharles Chaplin was one of the rare comedians who not only financed and produced all his films (with the exception of "A Countess from Hong Kong"), but was the author, actor, director and soundtrack composer of them as well

He died on Christmas day 1977, survived by eight children from his last marriage with Oona O’Neill, and one son from his short marriage to Lita Grey.

Source: http://www.charliechaplin.com/biography/articles/21-Overview-of-His-Life

Worlds First Ever Website / Webserver

CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is where it all began in March 1989. A physicist, Tim Berners-Lee, wrote a proposal for information management showing how information could be transferred easily over the Internet by using hypertext, the now familiar point-and-click system of navigating through information. The following year, Robert Cailliau, a systems engineer, joined in and soon became its number one advocate.

The idea was to connect hypertext with the Internet and personal computers, thereby having a single information network to help CERN physicists share all the computer-stored information at the laboratory. Hypertext would enable users to browse easily between texts on web pages using links. The first examples were developed on NeXT computers.

Berners-Lee created a browser-editor with the goal of developing a tool to make the Web a creative space to share and edit information and build a common hypertext. What should they call this new browser: The Mine of Information? The Information Mesh? When they settled on a name in May 1990, it was the WorldWideWeb.

info.cern.ch was the address of the world's first-ever web site and web server, running on a NeXT computer at CERN. The first web page address washttp://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html, which centred on information regarding the WWW project. Visitors could learn more about hypertext, technical details for creating their own webpage, and even an explanation on how to search the Web for information. There are no screenshots of this original page and, in any case, changes were made daily to the information available on the page as the WWW project developed. You may find a later copy (1992) on the World Wide Web Consortium website.

By spring of 1991, testing was underway on a universal line mode browser, which would be able to run on any computer or terminal. It was designed to work simply by typing commands. There was no mouse, no graphics, just plain text, but it allowed anyone with an Internet connection access to the information on the Web.

During 1991 servers appeared in other institutions in Europe and in December 1991, the first server outside the continent was installed in the US at SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center). By November 1992, there were 26 servers in the world, and by October 1993 the figure had increased to over 200 known web servers. In February 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign released the first version of Mosaic, which was to make the Web available to people using PCs and Apple Macintoshes.

... and the rest is Web history.

Source : 

http://info.cern.ch/

List of U.S Presidents

 1.George Washington

From : April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797

Party: No Party.

 2.John Adams

From : March 4, 1797 to March 4, 1801

Party: Federalist

 3.Thomas Jefferson

 From : March 4, 1801 to March 4, 1809

 Party: Democratic-Republican

 4.James Madison

From : March 4, 1809 to March 4, 1817

Party : Democratic-Republican

 5.James Monroe

From March 4, 1817 to March 4, 1825 

Party: Democratic-Republican

6.John Quincy Adams

From March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829

Party: Democratic- Republican National Republican

7.Andrew Jackson


From March 4, 1829 to March 4, 1837

Party: Democratic

8.Martin Van Buren


From March 4, 1837 to March 4, 1841

Party: Democratic

9.William Henry Harrison


From March 4, 1841 to April 4, 1841

Party: Whig

10.John Tyler

From April 4, 1841 to March 4, 1845

Party: Whig & No Party

11.James K. Polk


From March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1849

Party: Democratic

12.Zachary Taylor


From March 4, 1849 to July 9, 1850

Party: Whig






To be Updated .........

LATEST NEWS: ICC world cup 2011 schedule

LATEST NEWS: ICC world cup 2011 schedule: "DateLocalGMTISTMatch DetailsVenue Feb 19, 201114:3008:3014:00Group B : Bangladesh vs India, 1st ODI - Mirpur Feb 20, ..."

Infosys - A Overview

 Infosys was founded on 2 July 1981 by seven entrepreneurs, Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani, Kris Gopalakrishnan, S. D. Shibulal, K Dinesh and with N. S. Raghavan officially being the first employee of the company. The founders started the company with an initial investment of INR 10,000. The company was incorporated as "Infosys Consultants Pvt Ltd." in Model Colony, Pune as the registered office.
 

Infosys headquarters in Bengaluru, India

Infosys went public in 1993. Interestingly, Infosys IPO was under subscribed but it was bailed out by US investment banker Morgan Stanley which picked up 13% of equity at the offer price of Rs. 95 per share. The share price surged to Rs. 8,100 by 1999. By the year 2000 Infosys's shares touched Rs. 310 before the catastrophic incident of September 11th, changed all that.

According to Forbes magazine, since listing on the Bombay Stock Exchange till the year 2000, Infosys' sales and earnings compounded at more than 70% a year. In the year 2000, President of the United States Bill Clinton complimented India on its achievements in high technology areas citing the example of Infosys.Infosys will invest $100 million (Rs 440 crore) on establishing a 20,000-seater campus in Shanghai.

In 2001, it was rated Best Employer in India by Business Today. Infosys was rated best employer to work for in 2000, 2001, and 2002 by Hewitt Associates. In 2007, Infosys received over 1.3 million applications and hired fewer than 3% of applicants.

Infosys was the only Indian company to win the Global MAKE (Most Admired Knowledge Enterprises) award for the years 2003, 2004 and 2005, and is inducted into the Global Hall of Fame for the same.

Global offices

Asia Pacific

India - Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Mangalore, Mysore, Pune, Thiruvananthapuram Kolkata(2012),[25] Australia - Melbourne, Sydney and China - Beijing, Shanghai

Hong Kong - Hong Kong, Japan - Tokyo, Mauritius - Mauritius, New Zealand - Wellington, UAE - Sharjah, Philippines - Taguig City, Fiji Island - Suva and Thailand - Bangkok

North America

Canada - Toronto, USA - Atlanta (GA), Bellevue (WA), Bridgewater (NJ), Charlotte (NC), Southfield (MI), Fremont (CA), Houston (TX), Glastonbury (CT), Lake Forest (CA), Lisle (IL), New York, Phoenix (AZ), Plano (TX), Quincy (MA), Reston (VA) and Mexico - Monterrey

Europe

Czech Republic - Brno, Belgium - Brussels, Denmark - Copenhagen, Finland - Helsinki, France - Paris, Germany - Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Italy - Milano, Norway - Oslo, Poland - Łódź, The Netherlands - Amsterdam, Spain - Madrid, Burgos, Sweden - Stockholm, Switzerland - Zürich, Geneva and UK - Canary Wharf, London

South America

Brazil - Belo Horizonte

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infosys

Everest - The Peak

Mount Everest with a peak elevation of 29,035 feet (8850 meters), the top of Mount Everest is the world's highest point above sea level. As the world's highest mountain, climbing to the top of Mount Everest has been a goal of many mountain climbers for many decades.

Mount Everest is located on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China. Mount Everest is located in the Himalaya, the 1500 mile (2414 kilometer) long mountain system that was formed when the Indo-Australian plate crashed into the Eurasian plate. The Himalaya rose in response to the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate under the Eurasian plate. The Himalaya continue to rise a few centimeters each year as the Indo-Australian plate continues moving northward into and under the Eurasian plate.

Indian surveyor Radhanath Sikdar, part of the the British-led Survey of India, determined in 1852 that Mount Everest was the tallest mountain in the world and established an initial elevation of 29,000 feet. Mount Everest was known as Peak XV by the British until it was given its current English name of Mount Everest in 1865. The mountain was named after Sir George Everest, who served as the Surveyor General of India from 1830 to 1843.

Local names for Mount Everest include Chomolungma in Tibetan (which means "Goddess mother of the world") and Sagarmatha in Sanskrit (which means "Ocean mother.")

The peak of Mount Everest has three somewhat flat sides; it is said to be shaped like a three-sided pyramid. Glaciers and ice cover the sides of the mountain. In July, temperatures can get as high as nearly zero degrees Fahrenheit (about -18 Celsius). In January, temperatures drop to as low as -76°F (-60°C).

Source : http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/mounteverest.htm

Money - The transformation

Barter
    The first people didn't buy goods from other people with money. They used barter. Barter is the exchange of personal possessions of value for other goods that you want. This kind of exchange started at the beginning of humankind and is still used today. From 9,000-6,000 B.C., livestock was often used as a unit of exchange. Later, as agriculture developed, people used crops for barter. For example, I could ask another farmer to trade a pound of apples for a pound of bananas.
 

Shells
    At about 1200 B.C. in China, cowry shells became the first medium of exchange, or money. The cowry has served as money throughout history even to the middle of this century. 

First Metal Money
    China, in 1,000 B.C., produced mock cowry shells at the end of the Stone Age. They can be thought of as the original development of metal currency. In addition, tools made of metal, like knives and spades, were also used in China as money.  From these models, we developed today's round coins that we use daily. The Chinese coins were usually made out of base metals which had holes in them so that you could put the coins together to make a chain.

Silver
    At about 500 B.C., pieces of silver were the earliest coins.   Eventually in time they took the appearance of today and were imprinted with numerous gods and emperors to mark their value. These coins were first shown in Lydia, or Turkey, during this time, but the methods were used over and over again, and further improved upon by the Greek, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman empires. Not like Chinese coins, which relied on base metals, these new coins were composed from scarce metals such as bronze, gold, and silver, which had a lot of intrinsic value.

Leather Currency
    In 118 B.C., banknotes in the form of leather money were used in China. One-foot square pieces of white deerskin edged in vivid colors were exchanged for goods. This is believed to be the beginning of a kind of paper money.

Noses
    During the ninth century A.D., the Danes in Ireland had an expression "To pay through the nose." It comes from the practice of cutting the noses of those who were careless in paying the Danish poll tax.

Paper Currency
    From the ninth century to the fifteenth century A.D., in China, the first actual paper currency was used as money. Through this period the amount of currency skyrocketed causing severe inflation. Unfortunately, in 1455 the use of the currency vanished from China. European civilization still would not have paper currency for many years.

Potlach
    In 1500, North American Indians engaged in potlach, a term that describes the exchange of gifts at banquets, dances, and various rituals. Since the trading of gifts was so important in figuring the leaders’ community status, potlach went out of control as the gifts became more extravagant in an effort to surpass others' gifts.

Wampum
    In 1535, though likely well before this earliest recorded date, strings of beads made from clam shells, called wampum, are used by North American Indians as money. Wampum means white, the color of the clam shells and the beads.

Gold Standard
    In 1816, England made gold a benchmark of value. This meant that the value of currency was pegged to a certain number of ounces of gold. This would help to prevent inflation of currency. The U.S. went on the gold standard in 1900.

Depression
    Because of the depression of the 1930's, the U.S. began a world wide movement to end tying currency to gold. Today, few nations tie the value of their currency to the price of gold. Other government and financial institutions now try to control inflation.

Today 
   Electronic money (or digital cash) is already being exchanged over the Internet.

Source : http://library.thinkquest.org/28718/history.html

World Trade Center - Attack

The twin towers of the World Trade Center collapsed on September 11, 2001, as a result of al-Qaeda's September 11 attacks, in which terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners, flying one into the North Tower (1 World Trade Center) and another into the South Tower (2 World Trade Center). The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m., less than an hour after being hit by the hijacked airliner, and at 10:28 a.m. the North Tower collapsed. Later that day, 7 World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. from fires that had started when the north tower collapsed. As a result of the attacks to the towers, 2,752 people died, including all 157 passengers and crew aboard the two airplanes. The collapse of the twin towers also caused extensive damage to the rest of the complex and nearby buildings. Debris from the collapsing towers severely damaged or destroyed more than a dozen other adjacent and nearby structures.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) completed its performance study of the buildings in May 2002. It declared that the WTC design had been sound, and attributed the collapses wholly to extraordinary factors beyond the control of the builders. While calling for further study, FEMA suggested that the collapses were probably initiated by weakening of the floor joists by the fires that resulted from the aircraft impacts. According to FEMA's report, the floors detached from the main structure of the building and fell onto each other, initiating a progressive "pancake" collapse.

FEMA's early investigation was revised by a later, more detailed investigation conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which also consulted outside engineering entities. This investigation was completed in September 2005. Like FEMA, NIST vindicated the design of the WTC, noting that the severity of the attacks and the magnitude of the destruction was beyond anything experienced in U.S. cities in the past. NIST also emphasized the role of the fires, but it did not attribute the collapses to failing floor joists. Instead, NIST found that sagging floors pulled inward on the perimeter columns: "This led to the inward bowing of the perimeter columns and failure of the south face of WTC 1 and the east face of WTC 2, initiating the collapse of each of the towers."

The cleanup of the site involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. The demolition of the surrounding damaged buildings continued even as new construction proceeded on the World Trade Center's replacement, 1 World Trade Center (Freedom Tower), which reached its half way point of 52 floors on December 16, 2010. Of the destroyed buildings, only 7 World Trade Center has been replaced as of 2008[update].

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center

Worlds Most Visited Websites

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A.R.Rahman

Allah Rakha Rahman was born A.S. Dileep Kumar on January 6, 1966, in Chennai,India, to a musically affluent family. Dileep started learning the piano at the age of 4, and at the age of 9, his father passed away. Since the pressure of supporting his family fell on him, he joined Ilayaraja's troupe as a keyboard player at the age of 11. He dropped out of school as a result of this and traveled all around the world with various orchestras.

He accompanied the great tabla maestro Zakir Hussain on a few world tours and also won a scholarship at the Trinity College of Music at Oxford University, where he studied Western classical music and obtained a degree in music. Due to some personal crisis, Dileep Kumar embraced Islam and came to be known as A.R. Rahman. In 1987, he moved to advertising, where he composed more than 300 jingles over 5 years. In 1989, he started a small studio called Panchathan Record Inn, which later developed into one of the most well-equipped and advanced sound recording studios in India.

At an advertising awards function, Rahman met one of India's most famous directors, Mani Ratnam. Rahman played him a few of his music samples. Mani loved them so much that he asked Rahman to compose the music for his next film, Roja (1992). The rest, as they say, is history. He went on to compose several great hits for Tamil-language films before composing the score and songs for his first Hindi-language film, Rangeela (1995). The enormous success of his first Hindi venture was followed by the chart-topping soundtrack albums of films such as Bumbai (1995) , Dil Se.. (1998), Taal (1999), Zubeidaa (2001), and Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001), which was nominated for best foreign-language film at the 2002 Academy Awards.

The honorary awards received by him are listed as follows.

1995 - Kalaimamani Award, Maurititous National Award, Malaysian Award.
2000 - Padmashri Award.
2004 - National Lata Mangeshkar Award
2005 - Mahavir-Mahatma Award
2006 - Swaralaya Yesudas Award , Honorary Award from Stanford University.
2008 - Rotary Club of Madras LifeTime Acheivement Award.
2009 - Honorary Doctorate from Anna University, Aligarh University and Middlesex University.
2010 - Padma Bhushan.

International Awards Received by him are listed as follows.

Academy Awards (Oscars) (United States)
Golden Globe Awards (United States)
British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) (United Kingdom)
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards (United States)
Black Reel AwardsLos Angeles Film Critics Association Awards (United States)
New York Film Critics Online Awards (United States)
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards (United States)
Satellite Awards (United States)

Its all about Friendship

  

Facts 

 

Friendship is undoubtedly central to our lives in part because the special concern we have for our friends must have a place within a broader set of concerns, including moral concerns, and in part because our friends can help shape who we are as persons.Philosophers from the ancient Greeks on have traditionally distinguished three notions that can properly be called love: agape, eros, and philia.

Love or Friendship

For this reason, love and friendship often get lumped together as a single topic; nonetheless, there are significant differences between them. As understood here, love is an evaluative attitude directed at particular persons as such, an attitude which we might take towards someone whether or not that love is reciprocated and whether or not we have an established relationship with her.Friendship, by contrast, is essentially a kind of relationship grounded in a particular kind of special concern each has for the other as the person she is; and whereas we must make conceptual room for the idea of unrequited love, unrequited friendship is senseless. Consequently, accounts of friendship tend to understand it not merely as a case of reciprocal love of some form (together with mutual acknowledgment of this love), but as essentially involving significant interactions between the friends—as being in this sense a certain kind of relationship.

            There is an apparent tension here between the idea that friendship essentially involves being concerned for your friend for his sake and the idea of pleasure and utility friendships: how can you be concerned for him for his sake if you do that only because of the pleasure or utility you get out of it? If you benefit your friend because, ultimately, of the benefits you receive, it would seem that you do not properly love your friend for his sake, and so your relationship is not fully one of friendship after all. So it looks like pleasure and utility friendships are at best deficient modes of friendship; by contrast, virtue friendships, because they are motivated by the excellences of your friend's character, are genuine, non-deficient friendships. For this reason, most contemporary accounts, by focusing their attention on the non-deficient forms of friendship, ignore pleasure and utility friendships.

Architectural Beauty Of India - Taj Mahal

               

                  Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world. It is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India.It is considered to be one of the most famous buildings in the world.

TAJ MAHAL - A Overview

Built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra, India.

Taj Mahal is built entirely with white marble.

Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years (1631-1653).

20.000 workers labored to built Taj Mahal.

32 crore rupees were spent during the construction of Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal is one of the Unesco world heritage site.

Taj Mahal uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.

The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon.

Its central dome is 58 feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet.

The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each

Love Shopping - Here is the Best Shopping Mall ever

Dubai Mall

The Dubai Mall is the world's largest shopping mall based on total area and sixth largest by gross leasable area. The Dubai Mall is the region's premier shopping, lifestyle and entertainment destination. With more than 1,200 stores and a host of world-class attractions.

 Under water zoo - Dubai Mall

         A key centerpiece is Dubai Aquarium,  one of the largest tanks in the world at 51m x 20m x 11m and featuring the world’s largest viewing panel at 32.8m wide and 8.3m high. Dubai Aquarium has more than 33,000 living animals, representing more than 85 species including over 400 sharks and rays combined.

 

Dubai Ice Rink

       The Mall's Dubai Ice Rink multi-purpose venue, uses refrigeration plant technology by developing 1.5 inches (38 mm) of ice bed, almost 3 times the thickness of an NHL ice rink for Olympic-sized attraction. Dubai Ice Rink can host a capacity of up to 2,000 guests, when converted into a multi-functional hall with world-class multimedia system including a 20 m × 10 m LED screen

World Records and Achievements

    * Largest mall in the world with total area 1,124,000m2.

    * Worlds sixth largest mall with Gross Leasable Area (GLA) 350,000m2.

    * World’s largest acrylic panel (Aquarium) inside Dubai Mall, which is

       (32.88 m wide × 8.3 m high ×   750 mm thick and weighing 245 tons).

    * World’s largest sweet shop "Candylicious" spanning over 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) inside Dubai Mall.
    * Dubai Mall records more than 5 million visitors in the month of March,2010 during  

       the one-month   Dubai Shopping Festival, setting an all-time record in visitor footfall
    * The Dubai Mall hosted a record 37 million visitors in its first year of operation,and attracts

       more  than 750,000 visitors every week.

    * Dubai Mall has been named the best shopping experience on 29 April, 2010 by

       Grazia Style Awards

Excited about Marriage - Here is the history

The Marriage - History

During the time of  Roman Empire (17 B.C.- A.D. 476) the lower classes who became Christians later had common law or free marriages. The father would deliver the bride and the agreement of the two was called a consensus to wed. Then eventually as Christianity spread the church interpreted a "free" marriage as a conscience marriage. This agreement meant that each partner was to keep the marriage vows and the marriage intact.

There were Romans who were very wealthy who would sign documents consisting of listing property rights and letting all know that they wanted this union to be legalized and not to be thought of as a common law marriage. Thus this began the official recording of marriages as we do today. Roman men could dissolve the marriage any time as it was a male privilege, not one accorded to females.

In A.D. 527-565 during the rein of Justinian lawyers drew up laws called the Justinian Code and this was a regulation of their daily life including marriage. Up until the time of the Justinian Code just saying you were married was enough.

Until the ninth century marriages were not church involved. Up until the twelfth century there were blessings and prayers during the ceremony and the couple would offer their own prayers. Then priests asked that an agreement be made in their presence. Then religion was added to the ceremony.

English weddings in the thirteenth century among the upper class became religious events but the church only blessed the marriage and did not want a legal commitment. In 1563 the Council of Trent required that Catholic marriages be celebrated at a Catholic church by a priest and before two witnesses. By the eighteenth century the wedding was a religious event in all countries of Europe.

In Colonial times in North America the customs of the old countries were followed. There were some who only wanted a civil ceremony and not a religious ceremony. The Colonists who wanted civil marriages passed laws to this effect.

Civil magistrates would perform marriage ceremonies and they would even include prayers in the ceremony.

Viriginia was a colony that stayed with the customs of the church and did not permit anyone to have a civil marriage ceremony as they followed the Church of England. By the end of the eighteenth century both religious and civil marriage ceremonies were legal in American.

In European countries today, civil marriage ceremonies are legal as in America. Even in England, the couple can choose to have either a religious or civil ceremony.

3G - Towards Mobile technology

3G Technology

Cell Structure

Macro Cells, Micro Cells, and Pico Cells

The 3G network might be divided up in hierarchical fashion:

    

* Macro cell - the area of largest coverage, e.g., an entire city.
* Micro cell - the area of intermediate coverage, e.g., a city centre.
* Pico cell - the area of smallest coverage, e.g., a "hot spot" in a hotel or airport.

3G Standards

The 3G standard was created by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is called IMT-2000. The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems to provide global roaming. However, as was explained in the introduction to this section, harmonizing so many different standards proved extremely difficult. As a result, what we have been left with is five different standards grouped together under the IMT-2000 label:

    * W-CDMA
    * CDMA2000
    * TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
    * DECT
    * UWC-136

At this point, the definition of what is and what isn't "3G" becomes somewhat murky. Of these five standards, only three allow full network coverage over macro cells, micro cells and pico cells and can thus be considered as full 3G solutions: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. Of the remainder, DECT is used for those cordless phones you have in the house, and could be used for 3G short-range "hot-spots" (hence, it could be considered as being "part of a 3G network"), but it does not allow full network coverage so is not considered further here. And UWC-136 is another name for EDGE which is generally considered to be a 2.5G solution and was considered in the previous section.

3G Spectrum

When you read about radio spectrum this means a range of radio frequencies. The bandwidth of a radio signal is defined as being the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of the signal. For example, in the case of a voice signal having a minimum frequency of 300 hertz (Hz) and a maximum frequency of 3,300 Hz, the bandwidth is 3,000 Hz (3 KHz).

The amount of bandwidth needed for 3G services could be as much as 15-20 MHz. Compare this with the bandwidth of 30-200 KHz used for current 2G communication and you can see that there is as much as a 500-fold increase in the amount of bandwidth required. Now you can appreciate why radio spectrum has become such a precious and scarce resource in the information age - everybody from television broadcasters to the military wants spectrum, and it is in short supply. Michael Powell, the chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), has suggested that spectrum demand "is going to forever outstrip supply". The telecoms operators have had to buy 3G spectrum from governments around the world, and those governments - realising that they own a precious, valuable resource - have sought to sell that spectrum at the highest possible price.

Radio spectrum is often organised (and sold) as paired spectrum - a bit of spectrum in a lower frequency band, and a bit of spectrum in an upper frequency band (see the section on 3G Technology for an explanation of paired spectrum). Paired spectrum is often specified in a form like "2x15MHz" meaning 15MHz in a lower band and 15MHz in an upper band. This technique of two users talking to each other on two separate frequencies is called Frequency Division Duplex, or FDD (see the section on 3G Technology for an explanation of FDD). W-CDMA is an FDD technique (i.e., it requires paired spectrum) whereas TD-CDMA is a TDD technique (i.e., it can use unpaired spectrum).

World Cup 2011 - A overview

History

The first ever cricket worldcup was started on 1975,England the country where the first world cup held. At the first in world cup totally eight teams participated. West Indies were the winner in the inaugural World Cup. The final was between West Indies and Australia. West Indies won the game by 18 runs.

 

Winner of World Cup
 
Australia      - 4 times
West Indies  - 2 times
India            - 2 time
Pakistan       - 1 time   
Srilanka       - 1 time

Total no: 9 world cup (till 2007)

WORLD CUP - 2011

Date of Play       - 19 feb 2011 at Dkaka
Hosting Country - India,Srilanka,Bangladesh.

Teams Qualified for 2011 world cup

    Group A: Australia, Pakistan, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Canada, Kenya.
    Group B:India, South Africa, England, West Indies, Bangladesh, Ireland, Netherlands.

Total no of Matches : 49 (From 19-feb to 02-apr)

              The Opening Ceremony will be held in Bangladesh. The venue for the opening ceremony is Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The event will take place on February 17, 2011, 2 days prior to the first match of the World Cup.


Finally Team India lifted the WORLD CUP 2011.

PRIZE MONEY

The 2011 Cricket World Cup winning team would be taking home a prize money of US$ 3 million and US$ 1.5 million for runner-up, with the International Cricket Council deciding to double the total allocation for the coveted tournament to US$ 10 million. The winning team will also take home a replica of the ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy, that has been awarded since 1999. The decision was taken at the ICC Board meeting which was held in Dubai on April 20, 2010. The total prize money on offer for the tournament for the teams placing from 1st to 8th is US$7.48 million. The remaining two semi-finalists will receive 0.75 million US$ each. The last four quarter-finalists will each receive 0.37 million US$

Visit : http://www.cricketworldcup2011.co.in/ for more details.......

Cricket History in India

First Test Team of India

Cricket is undoubtedly one of the most popular sports in India and the game is being played all over the country, since its inception. The exact day, month or year of Cricket`s inception in India is still shrouded in mystery, as nobody knows about it. However, according to some people, the Indians started playing the game for the first time in an organized way in the year 1848. The first Indian Cricket club named the Parsee Oriental Cricket Club was founded in that year and they played their first match in Bombay (Mumbai). Thus Cricket started its journey in India. Hence, the history of Indian Cricket can be identified as quite an old one.   

      However, according to some other, the history of Indian Cricket started its journey in the place named Sylhet (located in today`s Bangladesh). A clear evident has been found to prove this and it is a match report published in the Sporting Intelligence magazine, on 3rd March, 1845. The report was published by the editor of the Englishman newspaper and the news item was titled as "Sepoy Cricketers". The reporter actually gave a wonderful commentary of a match played between the European cricketers and the Sepoy cricketers. Apart from this news item, another report has been found to support the fact that Cricket was first played in Sylhet in India. This report was titled as "Sepoy Cricket at Sylhet" and in this report, the reporter wrote about the match between two regimental sides, each of which contained at least eight native cricketers. The reporter also termed the match to probably be the best contested encounter of that particular season. He also declared that "as usual the bowling of Sepoy Soophul was first rate..."

            After its inception, Cricket started to get popularity among the Indian people within a short period of time. The middle and last half of the nineteenth century was an important period in the history of Indian Cricket, as the game spread its reach in almost all the parts of India during that period. Many teams from England started touring India by the close of the nineteenth century. There is a report published in the newspaper, `The Times of India` that supports this fact and the report was about the Presidency matches between the Parsees and the Lord Hawke`s Englishmen. The match was held in Bombay in 1892. The report described how the international Cricket matches that took place in Bombay at that time, increased interest among the local people. In the Metro cities of India like Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai), Cricket was started to be played by the first half of the twentieth century. As the Hindus of India too started playing the game, the tournament of Bombay Presidency Matches became the Bombay Triangular in 1907-08. In 1912-13, the entry of the Muslims made it a quadrangular.

        The First Test Match was played in 1932. Though India did not have a national cricket team during the early 1900s, a few Indian great cricketers of that era did represent the England cricket team. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Duleep Singhji were the prominent ones among them. However, the first international exposure in the history of Indian Cricket came in the year 1926. In that year, a team from the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), led by A.E.R Gilligan toured India. Though it was an unofficial tour, the Indian people were quite interested and enthusiastic about the matches that MCC played during the tour. The legendary Indian cricket player, C. K. Nayudu played brilliantly during that tour and he also scored a century against the MCC side in Bombay. The tour was responsible to redefine the contours of Indian cricket. It ultimately spearheaded to the formation of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in the year 1928. India was accredited Test status by 1932, much before it got its Independence in 1947. India played against England in that year.